Indicated for infection (the strongest and most urgent indication, since an infected lead generally cannot be left in place), lead malfunction with no abandoned-lead alternative, or device upgrade when venous access is limited. Extraction risk rises substantially with lead dwell time due to fibrotic adherence, requiring specialized extraction tools (locking stylets, mechanical or laser sheaths) and, for higher-risk extractions, on-site cardiac surgical backup given the risk of SVC or cardiac perforation during the procedure.
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